Wednesday, September 30, 2009
Saturday, September 26, 2009
Wednesday, September 9, 2009
organisms
All the living organisms in area live in communities of plants and animales.They interect with their abiotic environment and wiht each other at different points in time for a large number of reasons.Life can exist only in a small portion of the Earth's land,water and its atmosphere .At global level the thin skin of Earth on the land ,the sea and the air forms the biosphere.
At a sub-global level ,this is devided in to biogeographical realms.For example,Eurisia is called the palearctric realm;south America forms the Neotropical realm;Africa the Ethiopiran realm;and Australia the Australian realm.
At a national or state level ,this forms niogeographic regions.There are several distinctive geographical regions in India-the Himalayas,the Gangetic plains,the highlands of Central India,the western and Eastern Ghats,the semi-arid desert in the west ,the Deccan plateau,the Coastal Belts,and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.These geographically districtive areas have plants and animals that have been adapted to live in each of these regions.
At an even more local level,each area has several structurally identifiable ecosystems ,such as different types of forests,grasslands,river catchments mangrove swamps in deltas,seashores,islands etc..,to give just a few examples.Here too each of these forms a habitat for specific plants and animals.
At a sub-global level ,this is devided in to biogeographical realms.For example,Eurisia is called the palearctric realm;south America forms the Neotropical realm;Africa the Ethiopiran realm;and Australia the Australian realm.
At a national or state level ,this forms niogeographic regions.There are several distinctive geographical regions in India-the Himalayas,the Gangetic plains,the highlands of Central India,the western and Eastern Ghats,the semi-arid desert in the west ,the Deccan plateau,the Coastal Belts,and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.These geographically districtive areas have plants and animals that have been adapted to live in each of these regions.
At an even more local level,each area has several structurally identifiable ecosystems ,such as different types of forests,grasslands,river catchments mangrove swamps in deltas,seashores,islands etc..,to give just a few examples.Here too each of these forms a habitat for specific plants and animals.
ECOSYSTEM
concept of an ecosystem
-----------------------------
An 'ecosystem is region with a specific and recognizable landscape form,such as a forest,grassland,desert,wetland or coastal area .The nature of the ecosystems is based on its geographical features like hills ,mountains,plains,rivers,lakes,coastal areas or iselands.It is also controlled by climatic onditions-the amount of sunlight,the temperature and the rainfall in the region.THe geographical climatic and soil characteristics from its non-living or abiotic component.These features create conditions that support a community of plants and animals that evolution has produced to live in these specific conditions .The living part of the ecosystem is reffered to as its biotic component .These features create conditions that support a community of plants and animals that evolution has produced to live in these specific conditions.The living part of the ecosystem is reffered to as its biotic component.
Ecosystmes are devided in to terristrial or land-based ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems in water.These form the two major habitat conditions for the Earth's living organisms.
-----------------------------
An 'ecosystem is region with a specific and recognizable landscape form,such as a forest,grassland,desert,wetland or coastal area .The nature of the ecosystems is based on its geographical features like hills ,mountains,plains,rivers,lakes,coastal areas or iselands.It is also controlled by climatic onditions-the amount of sunlight,the temperature and the rainfall in the region.THe geographical climatic and soil characteristics from its non-living or abiotic component.These features create conditions that support a community of plants and animals that evolution has produced to live in these specific conditions .The living part of the ecosystem is reffered to as its biotic component .These features create conditions that support a community of plants and animals that evolution has produced to live in these specific conditions.The living part of the ecosystem is reffered to as its biotic component.
Ecosystmes are devided in to terristrial or land-based ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems in water.These form the two major habitat conditions for the Earth's living organisms.
Equitable use
Equitable use of resources for susstinable lifestyles
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Reaching the unsustainable and unequal use of resources and controlling our population growth are essential for the survival of our nationand ,indeed,of humankind everywhere .Our environmentprovides us with a variety of goods and services necessary for our day-today lives ,but the soil,water,climate and solare energy,which form tha 'abiotic'support that we derive from nature,are in themselves not distributed evenly throughout the world or with in countries.A new economic order at the golbal and at national levels must be based on the ability to distribute benifits of natural resources by sharing them more equally among the countries as well as among comunities within counries resources,that the 'exploiting'natural resources.They must be adequately compansated for the removal of the sources to distant regions and thus develop a greater stake in protecting natural resources.
There are several principles that each of us can adopt to bring aboutsustainable lifestyles.This primarily comes from caring for our Mother Earth in all respects.Alove and respect for nature is the greatest sentiment that helps bring about a feeling for looking at how we use natural resources in a new and sensitive way.Think of the beauty of w wilderness,a natural forest in all its magnificence the expanse of a green grassland,the clean water of a lake that supports so much life ,the crystal-cleat water of a hill-stream ,or the magnificiant power of the oceans ,and we cannot help but support the conversation of nature's wealth .If we respect this,we cannot commit acts that will depleate our life-supporitng systems.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Reaching the unsustainable and unequal use of resources and controlling our population growth are essential for the survival of our nationand ,indeed,of humankind everywhere .Our environmentprovides us with a variety of goods and services necessary for our day-today lives ,but the soil,water,climate and solare energy,which form tha 'abiotic'support that we derive from nature,are in themselves not distributed evenly throughout the world or with in countries.A new economic order at the golbal and at national levels must be based on the ability to distribute benifits of natural resources by sharing them more equally among the countries as well as among comunities within counries resources,that the 'exploiting'natural resources.They must be adequately compansated for the removal of the sources to distant regions and thus develop a greater stake in protecting natural resources.
There are several principles that each of us can adopt to bring aboutsustainable lifestyles.This primarily comes from caring for our Mother Earth in all respects.Alove and respect for nature is the greatest sentiment that helps bring about a feeling for looking at how we use natural resources in a new and sensitive way.Think of the beauty of w wilderness,a natural forest in all its magnificence the expanse of a green grassland,the clean water of a lake that supports so much life ,the crystal-cleat water of a hill-stream ,or the magnificiant power of the oceans ,and we cannot help but support the conversation of nature's wealth .If we respect this,we cannot commit acts that will depleate our life-supporitng systems.
Role....
ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN CONVERSATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Until fairly recently,mankind acted as if he could endlessly exploit the Earth's ecosystems and natural resources like soil,water,forests and grasslands minerals and fossil fuels .However in the lastfew decades,it has becme increasingly evident that the global ecosystems has the capacity to sustain only a limited level of utilization.Biological systems cannot go on rplenishing resources if they are overused or misused .At a critical point increasing pressure destabilizes their natural theri natural balances.
Until fairly recently,mankind acted as if he could endlessly exploit the Earth's ecosystems and natural resources like soil,water,forests and grasslands minerals and fossil fuels .However in the lastfew decades,it has becme increasingly evident that the global ecosystems has the capacity to sustain only a limited level of utilization.Biological systems cannot go on rplenishing resources if they are overused or misused .At a critical point increasing pressure destabilizes their natural theri natural balances.
Soil erosion
The characterstics of natural ecosystems,such as forests and grasslands,depend on the type of soil,soils of various types support a wide variety of crops.The misue of an ecosystem leads to the loss of valuable soil through erison by the monsoon rains and to a smaller extent ,by wind .the roots of the trees in the streams,transported in to rivers and finally lost to the sea.The process is more washed away in to streams ,transported in to rivers and finally lost to the sea.The process is more evident in areas where deforestation has led to erosin on steep hil-slopes as in the Himalayas and in the western Ghats.These areas are called 'ecologicallysenstive areas'or ESAs.To pervent the lossof millions of tons of valuble soil every year,it is essential to preserve what remains of our natural forest cover.It is equally important to reforest denuded areas.The link between the existance of forests and the [resence of soil is greater than the forest's physical soil binding function alone.The soil is enricehd by the leaf-litter of the forest.This detruits is broken down by soil microorganisms.fungi,worms and insects,which help to recycle nutruebts in the system .Further losses of our soil wealth will improverish our countryand reduce its capacity to grow enough food in future.
Land
Land degradation it is Farmland is under threat due to more and more intense utilization .Every year,between 5-7 mHa of land world wide is added to the existing degraded farmland.when soil is used more intensively by farming it is eroded even more rapidly by wind and rain.over-irrigating farmland leads to sanilization ,as the evaporation of water brings the salts to the surface of the soil on which crops cannot grow.
As Artificial
Besides the artificially made cellulose fibers,there are fibers entirely synthesised by us.The most common amongst them is nylon.This is a polymer formed by the reaction of hexamethylence diamine and adepic aid.The polymer is of condensation type and is barelyinflammable.when spun in to threads and ropes ,it is very strong and does not absorb water.It was formely named 'polymer6'and during the war it came to be called 'Nylon'(anamalgation of Newyork and London)
The other important polymer fiber synthetically made is teylene.This was synthesised by ICI,and has the compostion glycolterphthalate.This polymer through inflammable is crease resistant and so is generally used for suit making .The same polyster was synthesised in the USA.Under the name Dacron.Besides these ,there are other polymer fibers sucha s orldon which substiture wool.The Synthetic glass-fibres are also important.
Fibers are intensively used for commercial purposes.Nylon is used in place of steel ropes in parachutes and ballons.Glass fibers are used in high-brightness television recievers.in cathod-ray tubes in optical equipment and in buildings,Synthetic fibers are now generally appreciated by the modern world for their utility in clothing.Packaging ,etc., They have numerous advantages over cotton,silk and wool.
The other important polymer fiber synthetically made is teylene.This was synthesised by ICI,and has the compostion glycolterphthalate.This polymer through inflammable is crease resistant and so is generally used for suit making .The same polyster was synthesised in the USA.Under the name Dacron.Besides these ,there are other polymer fibers sucha s orldon which substiture wool.The Synthetic glass-fibres are also important.
Fibers are intensively used for commercial purposes.Nylon is used in place of steel ropes in parachutes and ballons.Glass fibers are used in high-brightness television recievers.in cathod-ray tubes in optical equipment and in buildings,Synthetic fibers are now generally appreciated by the modern world for their utility in clothing.Packaging ,etc., They have numerous advantages over cotton,silk and wool.
vegitable origin
The natural fibers of vegetables origin are mostly celluose where as the animal fibers are protein compunds and contain sulphur.Thus whenver an animal fiber is burnt it gives a bad smell pf burnt sulphur.
Most of the fibers now in use are human-made fibers or natural fibers modified by humans.The mercerised cotton fibre for example,is natural fibers modified by a way that the flat fibers become round and get a glaze.It then looks like silk and is used for clothes etc.Also the celulose from fibers is takem and treated to make entirely new fibers .The artificial fibers thus made are also cellulose fibers but of an entirely structure.The cellucose is digested in an alkaline medium an dthe resultant orange mass is passed through small orifices in acid bath where it againain forms in to cellulose fibers .The process is known as the viscose process and the fibre named viscose rayon.In other mehtod ,ceelulose is turned in to cellulose acetate which is dissolved in acetone and the solutio forced out through orifices in to the air where it dries in to fibers .These fibers ,through inflammable,are finer than viscose rayon and is termed acetate rayon .
Most of the fibers now in use are human-made fibers or natural fibers modified by humans.The mercerised cotton fibre for example,is natural fibers modified by a way that the flat fibers become round and get a glaze.It then looks like silk and is used for clothes etc.Also the celulose from fibers is takem and treated to make entirely new fibers .The artificial fibers thus made are also cellulose fibers but of an entirely structure.The cellucose is digested in an alkaline medium an dthe resultant orange mass is passed through small orifices in acid bath where it againain forms in to cellulose fibers .The process is known as the viscose process and the fibre named viscose rayon.In other mehtod ,ceelulose is turned in to cellulose acetate which is dissolved in acetone and the solutio forced out through orifices in to the air where it dries in to fibers .These fibers ,through inflammable,are finer than viscose rayon and is termed acetate rayon .
FIBER
Fiber are thin long pieces of meterial which are spun in to threads ofr making clothe ,ropes etc.They are strong along their length and are also felxible.That is they have a good amount of tensile strength.Fibers can broadlybe classified in to two catagerios;fibers of natural origin and fibers of artificial origin.Artificial fiberes can again be subdevided in to two groups;modified forms of natural fibres and synthetic fibers which are directly synthesised .
Fibers if natural origin are furthe classified in to two groups:those of vegetable origin and those of animal fibers,wool form sheep and form breed of goats found in kashmir in India is the most common.Thesere is also another type of fiber produced by the moth .These are also animal origin.Besides these,there us another natural resources of fiber,the asbestos fiber.Asbestos is a natural silicate fiber found in rocks .These mineral fibers are used in equipment requiring insulation and in fireproof screens of fire dresses in the form of sheets of spun threads.
Fibers if natural origin are furthe classified in to two groups:those of vegetable origin and those of animal fibers,wool form sheep and form breed of goats found in kashmir in India is the most common.Thesere is also another type of fiber produced by the moth .These are also animal origin.Besides these,there us another natural resources of fiber,the asbestos fiber.Asbestos is a natural silicate fiber found in rocks .These mineral fibers are used in equipment requiring insulation and in fireproof screens of fire dresses in the form of sheets of spun threads.
More
For long acupuncture was dismissed by the west as a form of superstition like witchcraft and magic cure,administration for the westren system of medicine was so great that the native systems of treatment were neglected or mistrusted .Moreover,the theoretical basis for acupunture that was propounded in china was amixture of spirituality,philosaphy and physiology.This stood in the way if its acceptence by chinese scientists.
During the 1960's accupuncture cane to the notice of western scientists,who viewed it with scepticism as well as curiosity.Doctors from Europe went to China to make a first-hand study of this strange form of treatment .what they saw convinced them that acupuncture worked.Not only were diseases cured,but even operations were performed after admininistering anaesthesia by accupuncature seriously and some of them trained themselves and set up practice in their countries.In china itself thestatus of accupuncture rose when chairman Mao officially ranked accupuncturists with other physicians.
During the 1960's accupuncture cane to the notice of western scientists,who viewed it with scepticism as well as curiosity.Doctors from Europe went to China to make a first-hand study of this strange form of treatment .what they saw convinced them that acupuncture worked.Not only were diseases cured,but even operations were performed after admininistering anaesthesia by accupuncature seriously and some of them trained themselves and set up practice in their countries.In china itself thestatus of accupuncture rose when chairman Mao officially ranked accupuncturists with other physicians.
Tuesday, September 8, 2009
Deases and treatments
Accupenture,a systen of treatment of diseases,has been practised in china for nearlyfive thousand years,it consists in the rapid insertion of fine steel needle,about six centementers long ,in particular spots on the doctor tiwrls it between his thumband forefinger.There are hundreds of acupunture points on the body when a puncture is made on spot on the body ennergy flows from there along lines known as 'meridians to the diseased organs.This flow of energy helps to restore the balance of the system and thus correct the disorder.This points of treatment may be far form the seat of the disease.For example ,to cure a toothace ,the acupunturist may insert a needle on the palm of the patient.
Althrough China is considered to be the country where acupunture orginated.some forms of treatment resembling it have been reported form other parts of world by anthropologists.Among some ancinet tribes,stones and arrows were used to prick the skin.In another form of treatment the skin on paticular spots of the bodywas burnt to effect a cure for certain diseases.Whether these kinds of treatment can rightly be classed with acupuncturre can be known only after further research.
Althrough China is considered to be the country where acupunture orginated.some forms of treatment resembling it have been reported form other parts of world by anthropologists.Among some ancinet tribes,stones and arrows were used to prick the skin.In another form of treatment the skin on paticular spots of the bodywas burnt to effect a cure for certain diseases.Whether these kinds of treatment can rightly be classed with acupuncturre can be known only after further research.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
